PERIPHERALS AND EXPANSION

CHAPTER 3: PERIPHERALS AND EXPANSION

Installing and Configuring Expansion Cards

Circuit installed in a computer to increase its capabilities.
Drivers needed to make integrated devices function

VIDEO CARD

Allows the computer to display some kind of information on monitor
Can accelerate the speed of display
PCIe is most common slot

MULTIMEDIA CARD

Sound Card
- Convert computer signals to sound, integrated now-a-days
- 1/8” jack to connect ear-phones, speakers, mic
- Come with a RCA jack
- Sony/Philips Digital Interface allows audio to transmit in digital quality
- TV Tuner/Video Capture
  - Connect to broadcast signal like cable television & display output on computer monitor
  - Can be analog, digital or hybrid
  - Video capture card can capture video which can be streamed afterwards

I/O CARD

Expands system for input or output device like RS232, parallel ports
Earlier Super I/O card used
SCSI devices requires expanded motherboard capabilities to allow usage
Devices cable to adapter which makes the conversions which motherboard can understand

COMMUNICATION CARD

Transmit data to other devices
Network Adapters (used within administrative domain of home)
NETWOK INTERFACE CARD (NIC)
- Connects computer to network
- Converts parallel data in PC to serial and make frames
- Can have different connectors like PCI, PCIe, RJ45
- Wireless NIC: in wired NIC a link is already created but in wireless first the access pints or ad-hoc points must also be configured
- Cellular Cards: Adapters that can be installed in PC providing cellular service like accessing internet
- MODEMS (allow direct domestic or international connection via PSTN) most common
  - Connect to internet using a dialup connection
  - Converts digital signals (PC) to analog signals (phone line) and back again
  - Expansion bus for motherboard and other port for phone

RISER CARDS

New Low Profile Extended (NLX), alternate to motherboard form factor
Places expansion cards sideways
Thus more expansion devices can be accommodated in parallel to motherboard

ADAPTER CONFIGURATION

Most are recognized easily by plug and play system
Some modern adapters require more special configuration steps
Also advanced features need to be implemented using OS or utilities that came with adapters
Wired configuration is easier than wireless

Identifying Characteristics of Connectors and Cables

Connectors

D-SUBMINIATURE

Most common with DXn (X=A-E in size, n=no. of pins)
Trapezoidal shape with 2 rows of pin
D-shape ensures that 1 orientation is possible

RJ-SERIES

Used in telecommunications like RJ-11, RJ-45
RJ-45 larger and found on Ethernet

OTHER

Universal Serial BUS (USB):
- Connect upto 127 devices through single port
- USB .x upto 12MBps
- USB 2.0 upto 480MBps
- USB 3.0 upto 5GBps
- Highly flexible, easy, fast
- IEEE 1394 (FireWire)
  - Easy, isochronous, very high transmission rates, high power output
  - Not so common
  - Usually used to get digital video into PC
  - Infrared
    - First wireless to exchange data
    - Slow, line of sight communication
    - Audio/Video Jacks
      - RCA jacks transmit audio & video
      - Digital audio implemented by S/PDIF
      - 1/8” jack more common for audio
      - HDMI interface also present
      - PS/2 (Keyboard Mouse)
        
        mini-DIN6 connector
        
        Keyboard-purple Mouse-green
        
        Centronics
        
        Micro ribbon connector
        
        Central bar with outside surrounding ring

PERIPHERAL CABLES & THEIR INTERFACES

Interface is a method of connecting two dissimilar items together

CABLES

FLOPPY AND HARD DISK CONNECTORS

2 types of interfaces

FLOPPY DISK
- Allow FDD and internal tape devices connected to motherboard
- today these interfaces are nonexistent
- HARD DISK
  - Serial ATA, EIDE are found on motherboards(40-wire)
  - PATA is very rare. Originally black
  - If blue then ATA5 or above UDMA(80-wire)

COMMON PORTS AND CONNECTORS

Classic Game Port

Used to connect joysticks, Musical Instrument Digital Interface(MIDI) devices
DA-15F connectors common

Analog Sound Jacks

3.5mm stereo jack
for 7.1 surround sound 8 channels required (7=bandwidth, 1=one low frequency channel)
Similar for 3.1, 5.1 surround sound
Speakers placed at certain angles to produce the surround sound

Parallel Interfaces

Parallel ports faster than original serial
Standard Parallel Port
- Transmits data out of computer at 150KBps
- Max distance is 10feet
- Bidirectional Parallel Ports
  - Transmit & receive data
  - Enhanced Parallel Ports
    - IEEE 1284 standard increased the speed
    - Data+address can be sent to memory
    - Virtual extension to main BUS
    - Max distance 15feet
    - Enhanced Parallel Port(EPP) 600KBps-1.5MBps
    - Enhanced Capabilities Port(ECP) accesses DMA
    - INTERFACES AND CABLES
      - DB25 female connector most common
      - 8-wires present

Serial

Data sent one after another
Standard Serial
- DB-9, DB-25 port
- 75KBps with maximum length 50feet
- 2 wiring configurations
  - Standard : hook peripherals like modems, printers
  - Null : No modem required, direct PC to PC
  - USB
    - Most versatile
    - Plug-and-play
    - Drivers easily available or preinstalled
    - 2 types: Type A & Type B
    - USB3.0 SuperSpeed has additional pins for faster data rates
    - USB HUB gives several USB ports from 1 (don’t use more than 5 ports)
    - Hosts not networkable
    - Type A oriented to system from component
    - Type B connect in direction of peripheral component

	USB2.0	USB3.0
SHIELDING	NA	Shielded from EMI
CONNECTORS	4 pins	5 extra pins
BURST & STREAM	NA	Supports Bursting
DUPLEX	Half Duplex	Full-duplex
MEDIA ACCESS	Wait until polled	Transmitted at will
HOST CONTROL	PC controls power, error	Both ends control power, error
POWER	Max 100mA at low & 500mA at high power	Max 150mA at low & 900mA at high power

IEEE 1394(FireWire)

High speed and efficiency
First iteration FireWire400 rate of 400 MBps
Higher power 1.5A at 30VDC than USB
Next iteration FireWire800 rate of 800MBps and full duplex over 4.5m with 63 devices connected
FireWire400 uses 6-wire cable with 4 for data transmission =>alpha connectors
FireWire800 uses 9-wire with beta-connectors
Used as universal high-speed data interface for hard disk, optical drives
Peripherals can be networked together into WAN, LAN
64000 devices can communicate together without host PC
Single device connects to 2 devices and so on, creating daisy-chaining

RCA

A simple coaxial cable
2 connectors on each side with 2 contacts on each (ground ring, positive in middle)
Used to extend audio/video signals

PS/2

Used to connect mouse and keyboard
Original AT had 5-pin DIN
Once most popular now being replaced by USB

VIDEO DISPLAY CABLES AND CONNECTORS

VGA now being replaced with DVI/HDMI as analog by digital

Digital Visual Interface (DVI)

Offer high digital standards
Similar to D-sub connector but has asymmetrical pins
3 types:
- DVI-A: Analog only connector. Source and monitor should use analog data
- DVI-D: Digital only connector. Source and monitor should use digital data
- DVI-I: Combination of analog/digital. Source and monitor should use analog/digital data
- DVI-I & DVI-D come in 2 varieties:
  - Single Link
  - Dual Link: has more conductors for higher speed and quality
  - DVI-A, DVI-I are better, faster than VGA
  - DVI-I cannot connect analog to digital
  - Upto 4.5m

High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)

Completely digital dual link but faster frame rate and audio right on same connector
Can also support CEC feature that allows transmission from remote device
HDMI is compatible with DVI-D DVI-I through proper adapters
3D video sources compatible
type B has 19 pins for higher resolution
Type C connector for portable devices (mini HDMI)
Type D micro HDMI
Length can be material dependent from 15-100m

Component Video

better-quality video by splitting the red, green, and bluecomponent
videoperforms signal-splitting function similar to RGB separation
fourth pathway for synchronization
To reduce bandwidth:
- uncompressed signal called luma (Y) represents brightness
- creates two compressed color-difference signals Pb and Pr. These chrominance (chroma) signals are known as B – Y andR – Y
- No need for green color-difference signal
- Capable of transmitting HD video at full 1080p

S-Video

Combines the twochroma signals into one, resulting in video quality not good as YPbPr.
7-pin mini-DIN ports use the extra pins to provide full Y, Pb, and Pr leads with four groundleads, making S-video equivalent to component video
4-pin, 6-pin also available
ATI hasused 8-, 9-, and 10-pin versions of the connector that include features as anS-video input path in addition to output, bidirectionalpin, audio input/output.

Composite Video

combines all luma and chroma leads into one
Once combined the signals cannot be splitted back
A single yellow RCA jack
More susceptible to aliasing,cross coloration

DisplayPort

royalty-free digital display interface from the Video Electronics StandardsAssociation (VESA) that uses less power than other digital interfaces and VGA
Functionally similar to HDMI &DVI
Can extend 3-33m
Thunderbolt combines PCIe with the DisplayPort technology. Less expensive than full-sized DisplayPort. 9-pin IEEE 1394b beta port used.

Coaxial

One is terminated by RCA or BNC plugs and serves a single frequency (baseband
the other is terminated by F connectors, those seen in cable television (CATV)setting (broadband)

Ethernet

Compressed and uncompressed A/V can be sent over IP
As with VoIP, quality of service (QoS)must be implemented and supported throughout the data network or A/Vquality will surely suffer

Input Devices

Transfers information from outside to internal storage memory

MOUSE

hand-fitting device uses motion-detection mechanism
translate physical two-dimensional movement into onscreen cursor motion
balls, tablets, touchpads, and pointing sticks
Ball based motion detection initially, now lasers
Wired or wireless
1 or 2 or more buttons plus a wheel for scrolling
Touch pads—flat panels below the spacebar—and pointing sticks—eraser-like protrusionsin the middle of the keyboard—are found mainly on laptops
trackballis morelike an inverted mouse, so let’s look at how they compare to each other

KEYBOARD

standard QWERTY layout, now have separatecursor-movement and numerical keypads
Function keys also included
keys complete individual circuits when pressed sending unique scan code
controller decodes the code and tells PC which key is pressed

SCANNER

Before USB connected with SCSI bus
Hand held scanners included software to intelligently stitch together the scanned ribbons into image
Emit light and measure the reflected light to detect image
Charge coupled devices (CCDs)convert light into electrical impulses producing image
combination of scanner copier printer fax is very popular

BARCODE READER

Input device used in retail& industrial sectors that manage inventory
Use LED/laser to scan 2D barcodes
USB most common
Thescanner converts output to keyboard scans so that the system treats the input as keyboard
Universal ProductCode (UPC) barcodes and Quick Response (QR) codes and other 2D matrix barcodes can beinput and processed using smart phone cameras

DIGITIZER

Trace an analog source, turning it into a digital representation
Act of turning any analog source—artwork,audio, video, slides and photographs—into a binary bit stream

BIOMETRIC DEVICES

Measures physical or behavioral features of an organism
Fingerprint scanners, retinal and iris scanners, voice recognition devices
A computer can use this input to authenticatethe user

TOUCHSCREENS

Converts touching of screen to electric impulses
Replace mouse in movement and click
Technology also seen in PDAs, smartphones, ATMs
Resistive and capacitive most popular technologies
Generally USB interfaced

KVM SWITCH

Allows to switch b/w input devices
mouse/keyboard to mini-DIN, monitor to VGA/HDMI
Use same I/P to multiple PCs

GAMEPADS AND JOYSTICKS

Specialty controllers for games
Joystick: analog buttons with variable bar
Gamepad: function and direction buttons
DB25/DE9/DA15/USB ports

MULTIMEDIA INPUT DEVICES

Webcams
- Video-camera device for capturing videos
- Used for security, video conferencing
- USB/WiFi
- MIDI Devices
  - Microphones, audio playback as audio input
  - MIDI controller creates messages synthesizing user’s music
  - MIDI files are small files containing digitalized audio waveforms
  - 5-pin DIN connectors
  - Direct connection or daisy chaining but it produces delays
  - Digital Cameras & Camcorders
    - Digital camera takes still pictures
    - camcorder takes videos
    - Now devices do both
    - Have inbuilt batteries and flash memory for easy storage
    - Mostly transferred via USB

OUTPUT DEVICES

PRINTERS

To produce hardcopy of data
Impact, inkjet, laser
Parallel, serial, USB

SPEAKERS

Speakers and orientations have already been discussed

DISPLAY DEVICES

configuration is Plug and Play
Easy to install
Rest will be discussed in next chapter